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	<title>Lifeofearth.org &#187; Earth</title>
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		<title>Oil Extraction Only Hurts Earth</title>
		<link>http://lifeofearth.org/2012/01/oil-extraction-only-hurts-earth.html</link>
		<comments>http://lifeofearth.org/2012/01/oil-extraction-only-hurts-earth.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 27 Jan 2012 11:46:01 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Mac</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Earth]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://lifeofearth.org/?p=32074</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[As a ninth-grader at Columbus North High School and a member of the Columbus North... <a class="meta-more" href="http://lifeofearth.org/2012/01/oil-extraction-only-hurts-earth.html">more <span class="meta-nav">&#187;</span></a>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify; color: #000000; font-family: verdana; font-size: 100%;"><img class="alignright size-medium wp-image-32079" title="fuel extraction" src="http://lifeofearth.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/no-subject-300x189.jpg" alt="fuel extraction" width="300" height="189" />As a ninth-grader at Columbus North High School and a member of the Columbus North Environmental Club, I was pleased that President Obama rejected the Keystone XL Pipeline contract with TransCanada Oil recently.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; color: #000000; font-family: verdana; font-size: 100%;">This issue has been very important to me, and as someone who went to Washington D.C. to protest the pipeline back in November, I believe that President Obama did the right thing both for the <a href="/environment">environment</a> and the United States.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; color: #000000; font-family: verdana; font-size: 100%;">On Nov. 6, our goal was to surround the White House to draw attention to the issue, but since more than 12,000 people came from all over the country, we were able to surround the White House three times.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; color: #000000; font-family: verdana; font-size: 100%;">This was a very exciting and powerful protest to attend. The protest proved effective, because less than a week later President Obama sent the pipeline project back to the State Department to be reviewed. It was a step in the right direction, but the fight was not over.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; color: #000000; font-family: verdana; font-size: 100%;">Even though all leading climate scientists, including James Hanson the head climate scientist for NASA, agree that the pipeline would be a major contributor to the <a href="/climate-change">global climate crisis</a>, the president is still under a lot of pressure to approve it. Unfortunately, people don’t understand that jobs and money are not the only important things involved in this discussion.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; color: #000000; font-family: verdana; font-size: 100%;">The Keystone pipeline project would run approximately 1,700 miles from the tar sands of Alberta, Canada, to refineries on the Gulf Coast of Texas.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; color: #000000; font-family: verdana; font-size: 100%;">It would cross the Yellowstone River, the Sand Hills in Nebraska, which is a fragile farming region, and the Ogallala Aquifer, which is one of our nation’s largest freshwater sources.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; color: #000000; font-family: verdana; font-size: 100%;">It provides 78 percent of Nebraska’s public water and 83 percent of its irrigation water. The Keystone pipeline already exists in Canada and has spilled 14 times since June 2010, according to the National Wildlife Federation. One of the biggest problems with Tar Sands Oil is that extracting it creates three to five times more <a href="/greenhouse-gases">greenhouse gases</a> than regular oil.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; color: #000000; font-family: verdana; font-size: 100%;">Tar sands are not a normal source of oil because the oil is in the form of bitumen, which must be chemically treated to make it useful. The Alberta Tar Sands are located under <a href="/conservation/forest-conservation">boreal forests</a>, which have been home to native peoples and countless species of wildlife for centuries.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; color: #000000; font-family: verdana; font-size: 100%;">To me, all of this seems like reason enough not to try to extract tar sands oil. Why do people think that any possibility of jobs is more important than degradation of our planet? How many jobs the Keystone pipeline might create is up for debate, but most of what I have read says that the jobs would be temporary and not as many as the oil industry is saying. Personally, I’d rather we protect the <a href="/living-earth">Earth</a> than have a few temporary jobs that are going to cause tons of damage and go away soon.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; color: #000000; font-family: verdana; font-size: 100%;">I think that it makes more sense to create jobs in the clean energy industry. Why not look to the future instead of to the past?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; color: #000000; font-family: verdana; font-size: 100%;">Although I do not yet vote, I will continue to support President Obama for standing up to the big oil companies. At this time, in this century, we need to move forward, like a lot of other countries, and work to get away from fossil fuels and degradation of the earth.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; color: #000000; font-family: verdana; font-size: 100%;">We are capable of becoming less dependent on oil, and of creating technologies and producing electricity through renewable energies. It’s the best thing for us, for the future and for our planet.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; color: #000000; font-family: verdana; font-size: 100%;">Source: http://www.therepublic.com</p>
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		<title>Thermometer For The Earth</title>
		<link>http://lifeofearth.org/2009/10/thermometer-for-the-earth.html</link>
		<comments>http://lifeofearth.org/2009/10/thermometer-for-the-earth.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 20 Oct 2009 11:27:33 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Mac</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Earth]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Airplanes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[America-Journal]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Aviv-University]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[City-Planners]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Climate-Change]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Climate-Change-Experts]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Drug-Development]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Environmental-Industrial]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Environmental-Prosecutors]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Farmers]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Global-Warming-Effects]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Government-Laboratories]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Headaches]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Laboratory]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Land-Developers]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Melting-Glaciers]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Non-Professional]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[OSD-Device]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Our-Earth]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Our-Planet]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Physical-Properties]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pollution]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Precision-Agricultre]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Saving-Money]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Science-Society]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Soil-Dipstick]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Soil-Health]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Soil-Maps]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Technician]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[The-Arctic- Africa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Urban-Planners]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Water-Contaminated]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Whistle-Blower]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://lifeofearth.org/?p=2334</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[According to climate change experts, our planet has a fever &#8211; melting glaciers are just... <a class="meta-more" href="http://lifeofearth.org/2009/10/thermometer-for-the-earth.html">more <span class="meta-nav">&#187;</span></a>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;"><em><strong>According to climate change experts, our planet has a fever &#8211; melting glaciers are just one stark sign of the radical changes we can expect. But global warming&#8217;s effects on farming and water resources is still a mystery. A new Tel Aviv University invention, a real-time &#8220;Optical Soil Dipstick&#8221; (OSD), may help solve the mystery and provide a new diagnostic tool for assessing the health of our planet.</strong></em></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">According to Prof. Eyal Ben-Dor of TAU&#8217;s Department of Geography, his soil dipstick will help scientists, urban planners and farmers understand the changing health of the soil, as well as its agricultural potential and other associated concerns. &#8220;I was always attracted to <a href="http://www.iamunwell.com/Drugs-A-Z/drugs-directory.html" target="_blank">drug development</a> and diagnostics, which spurred the development of this OSD device,&#8221; he says. &#8220;It&#8217;s like a diagnostic device that measures soil health. Through a small hole in the surface of the earth, we can assess what lies beneath it.&#8221;</p>
<p><img src="http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/thumb_434/1252093493E6qN1s.jpg" alt="our planet earth, earth, organic farms, thermometer, environmental industrial polluters, melting glaciers, climate change experts, global warming mystery, agricultural health, soil mapping, enery fraction, environmentally critical, earth crust, how climate change, population growth, affecting our planet, environmental planners, agricultural health, http://lifeofearth.org" align="right" /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">As climate change alters our planet radically, Prof. Ben-Dor explains, this dipstick could instantly tell geographers what parts of the U.S. are best &#8211; or worst &#8211; for farming. For authorities in California, it is already providing proof that organic farms are chemical-free, and it could be used as a whistle-blower to catch environmental industrial polluters.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">The efficacy of the OSD was recently reported in the Soil Science Society of America Journal.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;"><strong>&#8220;Precision agriculture&#8221;</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">Today, there is no simple and inexpensive way to test for soil health in the field. Soil maps of individual states are only compiled every 10 or 20 years, and each one costs millions. One testing process even requires the use of a bulldozer, which dredges up large tracts of land to be sampled and analyzed in a laboratory.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">Testing can be much simpler with Prof. Ben-Dor&#8217;s dipstick, which can be used by non-professionals. The thin catheter-like device is inserted into a small hole in the soil to give real-time, immediately accurate and reliable <a href="/pollution">information on pollution</a> and the all-round health of the soil. Analyzing chemical and physical properties, the dipstick outputs its data to a handheld device or computer. &#8220;To optimize production and save costs, farmers need to know if their crops are getting the right blend of minerals. This tool could permit them to pursue &#8216;precision agriculture,&#8217;&#8221; says Prof. Ben-Dor.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">The OSD, which is expected to cost about $10,000 per unit per application, allows technicians to determine if the soil needs water or is contaminated. It also provides information about the condition of root zones where crops are growing. And the quality of information, the researchers explain, is identical to that provided by large government laboratories. Prof. Ben-Dor says that these dipsticks can also be remotely and wirelessly networked to airplanes and satellites, providing the most detailed, comprehensive and reliable soil map of the U.S.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;"><strong>Saving money and avoiding headaches</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">Soil maps are important tools of the trade for land developers, city planners, farmers and environmental prosecutors. Those employed today tend to be outdated, rendering them useless for many applications, and only about 30% of the planet has been mapped in this way. Soil maps for the Far East, the Arctic, and Africa, which can be more readily developed with Prof. Ben-Dor&#8217;s dipstick, will better tell scientists, researchers and government agencies how climate change and population growth are <a href="/living-earth">affecting our planet</a> and its resources.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">&#8220;Soil mapping is a national undertaking,&#8221; Prof. Ben-Dor observes. &#8220;It takes years and millions of dollars worth of manual labor and laboratory analysis, not to mention exhausting headaches with government authorities and ministries. For a fraction of that <a href="/energy-conservation">energy</a> and money, and with a staff that has minimal training, the OSD could do the same job, and could continue doing it on a yearly, monthly, and possibly even a daily basis. The headaches would be gone, and we would finally get an accurate picture of the <a href="/topics/environment/earth">earth&#8217;s</a> crust in these environmentally critical years.&#8221;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">The OSD is currently in a prototype stage and is set for commercialization. If the right strategic partner is found, a new device could be on the shelves, and in the ground, within the year.</p>
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		<title>Nitrogen Cycle: Key Ingredient In Climate Model Refines Global Predictions</title>
		<link>http://lifeofearth.org/2009/10/nitrogen-cycle-key-ingredient-in-climate-model-refines-global-predictions.html</link>
		<comments>http://lifeofearth.org/2009/10/nitrogen-cycle-key-ingredient-in-climate-model-refines-global-predictions.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 11 Oct 2009 16:19:09 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Mac</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Global Warming]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Atmospheric-Chemistry]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Atmospheric-Research]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Biogeosciences]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Carbon-Cycle]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Carbon-Nutrient]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Climate-Change]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Climate-Change-Assessments]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Climate-Model]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Climate-Scientist]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Earth]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Earth-System]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Environmental-Sciences]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Forest]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Globa-Warming]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Global-Climate-Modeling]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Natural-Nutirent]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nitrogen Cycle]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Plant-Growth]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Plant-Nutrition]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://lifeofearth.org/?p=2324</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[For the first time, climate scientists from across the country have successfully incorporated the nitrogen... <a class="meta-more" href="http://lifeofearth.org/2009/10/nitrogen-cycle-key-ingredient-in-climate-model-refines-global-predictions.html">more <span class="meta-nav">&#187;</span></a>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;"><em><strong>For the first time, climate scientists from across the country have successfully incorporated the nitrogen cycle into global simulations for climate change, questioning previous assumptions regarding carbon feedback and potentially helping to refine model forecasts about global warming.</strong></em></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">The results of the experiment at the Department of Energy&#8217;s Oak Ridge National Laboratory and at the National Center for Atmospheric Research are published in the current issue of Biogeosciences. They illustrate the complexity of climate modeling by demonstrating how natural processes still have a strong effect on the carbon cycle and climate simulations. In this case, scientists found that the rate of climate change over the next century could be higher than previously anticipated when the requirement of plant nutrients are included in the climate model.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">ORNL&#8217;s Peter Thornton, lead author of the paper, describes the inclusion of these processes as a necessary step to improve the accuracy of climate change assessments.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">&#8220;We&#8217;ve shown that if all of the global modeling groups were to include some kind of nutrient dynamics, the range of model predictions would shrink because of the constraining effects of the carbon nutrient limitations, even though it&#8217;s a more complex model.&#8221;</p>
<p><img src="http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2009/10/091009204032.jpg" alt="nitrogen cycle, climate model refines, global climate predictions, Climate scientists, global climate change, about global warming, atmospheric research biogeoscience issue, climate modeling, climate simulations, climate change rate, plant nutrients, climate model, climate change asessments, global modeling groups, carbon nutrient limitations, plant food, nautral global warming, natural climate change, global climate model, environmental sciences, changing climate" align="right" /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">To date, climate models ignored the nutrient requirements for new vegetation growth, assuming that all plants on earth had access to as much &#8220;plant food&#8221; as they needed. But by taking the natural demand for nutrients into account, the authors have shown that the stimulation of plant growth over the coming century may be two to three times smaller than previously predicted. Since less growth implies less CO2 absorbed by vegetation, the CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere are expected to increase.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">However, this reduction in growth is partially offset by another effect on the nitrogen cycle: an increase in the availability of nutrients resulting from an accelerated rate of decomposition – the rotting of dead plants and other organic matter – that occurs with a rise in temperature.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">Combining these two effects, the authors discovered that the increased availability of nutrients from more rapid decomposition did not counterbalance the reduced level of plant growth calculated by natural nutrient limitations; therefore less new growth and higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations are expected.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">The study&#8217;s author list, which consists of scientists from eight different institutions around the U.S. including ORNL, the National Center for Atmospheric Research, the <a href="http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/" target="_blank">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory</a>, and several research universities, exemplifies the broad expertise required to engage in the multidisciplinary field that is global climate modeling.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">&#8220;In order to do these experiments in the climate system model, expertise is needed in the nitrogen cycle, but there is also a need for climate modeling expertise, the ocean has to be involved properly, the atmospheric chemistry and then there are a lot of observations that have been used to parameterize the model,&#8221; said Thornton, who works in ORNL&#8217;s Environmental Sciences Division.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">&#8220;The biggest challenge has been bridging this multidisciplinary gap and demonstrating to the very broad range of climate scientists who range everywhere from cloud dynamicists to deep <a href="/2009/08/ocean-pollution.html">ocean circulation</a> specialists that [incorporating the nitrogen cycle] is a worthwhile and useful approach.&#8221;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">A 15-year study of the role nitrogen plays in plant nutrition at Harvard Forest was an important observational source used to test their mathematical representation of the nitrogen cycle&#8211;a long experiment by any standards, but still an experiment that, according to Thornton, could improve the accuracy of the simulation if conducted even longer.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">Other shortcomings of climate simulations include the disregard of changing vegetation patterns due to human land use and potential shifts in types of vegetation that might occur under a changing climate, although both topics are the focus of ongoing studies.</p>
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		<title>Discovered: First Rocky Planet Outside Our Solar System</title>
		<link>http://lifeofearth.org/2009/09/discovered-first-rocky-planet-outside-our-solar-system.html</link>
		<comments>http://lifeofearth.org/2009/09/discovered-first-rocky-planet-outside-our-solar-system.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 17 Sep 2009 12:08:03 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Mac</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Astronomy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Earth]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Solar-System]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://lifeofearth.org/?p=2273</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The confirmation of the nature of CoRoT-7b as the first rocky planet outside our solar... <a class="meta-more" href="http://lifeofearth.org/2009/09/discovered-first-rocky-planet-outside-our-solar-system.html">more <span class="meta-nav">&#187;</span></a>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">The confirmation of the nature of CoRoT-7b as the first rocky planet outside our solar system marks a significant step forward in the search for earth-like exoplanets. The detection by CoRoT (Convection ROtation and planetary Transits) and follow-up radial velocity measurements with the High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) suggest that this exoplanet, CoRoT-7b, has a density similar to that of Mercury, Venus, Mars, and Earth making it only the fifth known terrestrial planet in the universe.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">The search for a habitable exoplanet is one of the holy grails in astronomy. One of the first steps towards this goal is to detect terrestrial planets around solar-type stars. Dedicated programs, using telescopes in space and on the ground, have yielded evidence for hundreds of planets outside of our solar system. The majority of these are giant, gaseous planets, but in recent years small, almost earth-mass planets have been detected, demonstrating that the discovery of Earth analogues — exoplanets with one Earth mass or one Earth radius orbiting a solar-type star at a distance of about 1 astronomical unit — is within reach.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">A number of techniques are routinely employed in the search for exoplanets — spectroscopic radial velocity, astrometry, microlensing, photometric transits. Of these, the search for transits — the passage of the exoplanet in front of the parent star — provides unprecedented access to the planet&#8217;s physical properties. In particular, the combination of transit photometry and radial velocity measurements provides direct and accurate estimates of the planetary mass and radius, hence mean density. These parameters in turn provide tight constraints on the composition and physical structure of the planet and on the likelihood of the exoplanet being a true Earth analogue.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">The CoRoT space mission employs the transit strategy in the search for exoplanets. Continuous observations, lasting about 150 days each, are made of two large (4 square degrees) regions towards the center and anti-center of the galaxy. During the first of these observation periods towards the anti-center (October 2007 to March 2008), 46 stars exhibited evidence for transits, among them CoRoT-7, a main-sequence, close-by (at a distance of 150 pc) solar-type star.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">Investigation of the data, as described by Alain Léger and colleagues, provided compelling evidence for the presence of an exoplanet. The discovery was announced earlier this year at which time the analysis of CoRoT data had shown that CoRoT-7b has a diameter less than twice that of Earth, making it the smallest exoplanet to date orbiting a main-sequence star. The CoRoT data also demonstrated that the planet is about 1.6 million miles (2.5 million kilometers) from its parent star and orbits once every 20.4 hours.</p>
<p><img src="http://www.astronomy.com/asy/image.ashx?img=corot7.jpg&amp;w=250" alt="Planet, Solar System, Our Solar System, Rocky Planet, Earth Planet, Velocity Measurements, Velocity Planet, Universe Planet, Mercury Planet, Venus Planet, Mars Planet, Terrestrail Planets, Solar Stars, Gaseous Planet, Giant Planet, Earth Mass, Earth Analogue, Scientist Team, Super Earth, Gas Giants, Orbiting Planet" align="right" /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">Further progress, and in particular the determination of the planet mass, could only be made by obtaining accurate measurements of the variation in the velocity of the star caused by the gravitational pull of the orbiting planet. The need for ground-based support observations for CoRoT had always been envisioned, and time on the HARPS spectrograph at the European Southern Observatory&#8217;s (ESO) 3.6-m telescope at La Silla in Chile had been secured as a result of the European Space Agency&#8217;s (ESA) call for European co-investigators for CoRoT. Didier Queloz and colleagues describe how 70 hours of observations of the CoRoT-7 system with HARPS finally provided the sought-after result: CoRoT-7b is one of the lightest exoplanets detected to date with a mass five times that of the Earth. This puts CoRoT-7b firmly in the category of &#8220;super-Earth&#8221; &#8211; an exoplanet with a mass between that of Earth and gas giants.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">Although about a dozen super-Earths have been detected, CoRoT-7b is the first for which both mass and radius estimates are available. Combining the radius estimates from CoRoT and the mass estimates from HARPS results in an exoplanet mean density of 5.5 g/cm3. There are only three other known planets with similar density — Earth, Mercury, and Venus (Mars is less dense) — which strongly suggests that the planet is a solid, rocky planet.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">&#8220;We are coming tantalizing close to reaching the ultimate goal of detecting a true earth-like planet,&#8221; said Malcolm Fridlund, ESA CoRoT project scientist and member of the CoRoT science team. &#8220;This bodes well for future exoplanet search missions, such as the Cosmic Vision candidate, PLAnetary Transits and Oscillations of stars (PLATO).&#8221;</p>
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		<title>NASA Drops &#8220;Spiders&#8221; Into Volcano</title>
		<link>http://lifeofearth.org/2009/08/nasa-drops-spiders-into-volcano.html</link>
		<comments>http://lifeofearth.org/2009/08/nasa-drops-spiders-into-volcano.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 17 Aug 2009 10:10:48 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Mac</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Wildlife]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Earth]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Eruptions]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Helicopters]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Laboratory]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Satellite]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Scientists]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Spiders]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Surface]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Volcano]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Wireless]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://lifeofearth.org/?p=2213</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[NASA helicopters have lowered about a dozen monitoring &#8220;spiders&#8221; in and around Mount St. Helens&#8217;s... <a class="meta-more" href="http://lifeofearth.org/2009/08/nasa-drops-spiders-into-volcano.html">more <span class="meta-nav">&#187;</span></a>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify; font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #000000;"><em><strong>NASA helicopters have lowered about a dozen monitoring &#8220;spiders&#8221; in and around Mount St. Helens&#8217;s volcanic crater to better predict major eruptions.</strong></em></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">NASA scientists are using high-tech devices placed inside and around the mouth of Mount St. Helens in the hopes they can detect an impending eruption.</p>
<p><img src="http://blog.ecosmart.com/wp-content/wolf_spider.jpg" alt="Spider, NASA, Spiders, Volcano, Mount St. Helen's Volcanic Crater, Helicopters, Eruptions, Scientists, Laboratory, Animal, Earth, Surface, Satellite, Wireless, Aatmospheric" width="350" height="350" align="left" /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">Mount St. Helens is one of the most active volcanoes in the U.S.&#8211; its most devastating eruption in 1980, and the most recent seen here in 2004.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">About a dozen so-called Spiders were placed on Mount St. Helens in July. The pods, designed to go where no human can, were lowered by helicopter inside and around the volcano center.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;"><span style="color: #000000;"><strong>SOUNDBITE:</strong></span> Steve Chien, Principal Scientist, Autonomous Systems, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">We can detect the differences between snow falling off of a branch, an animal running by, wind, a thunderstorm and the very subtle signatures of magma moving at depth, perhaps even kilometers beneath the <a href="/living-earth">surface of the earth</a>.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">The pods form a virtual wireless network and communicate with each other and a NASA satellite called Earth Observing-1, or EO-1.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">Each pod contains a seismometer, a GPS receiver, an infrared sounder to sense explosions, and a lightning detector.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;"><span style="color: #000000;"><strong>SOUNDBITE:</strong></span> Steve Chien, Principal Scientist, Autonomous Systems, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">They have the ability to recognize different kinds of events such as seismic events, earthquakes, that are basically indications that something is happening at the volcano.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;"><span style="color: #000000;"><strong>SOUNDBITE:</strong></span> Sharon Kedar, Geophysicist, NASA /Jet Propulsion Laboratoy</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">In the context of volcano monitoring, we want to have the best educated guess to make decisions that will save life and properties.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">NASA would like to someday use this same technology on the surface of Mars to study atmospheric events like dust storms, which are mini-tornadoes, as well as seismic activity.</p>
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		<title>Sea Temperatures in July Hottest on Record! Surprise</title>
		<link>http://lifeofearth.org/2009/08/sea-temperatures-in-july-hottest-on-record-surprise.html</link>
		<comments>http://lifeofearth.org/2009/08/sea-temperatures-in-july-hottest-on-record-surprise.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 17 Aug 2009 09:50:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Mac</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Environment]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Atomosphere]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Earth]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Earth-Ocean]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Earth-Planet]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Global-Land]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ocean]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ocean-Surface]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Planet]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[South-America]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Temperature]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://lifeofearth.org/?p=2210</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The Earth&#8217;s oceans were the warmest ever this July, according to a study released by... <a class="meta-more" href="http://lifeofearth.org/2009/08/sea-temperatures-in-july-hottest-on-record-surprise.html">more <span class="meta-nav">&#187;</span></a>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">The Earth&#8217;s oceans were the warmest ever this July, according to a study released by the <a href="http://www.noaa.gov/" target="_blank">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>.</p>
<p><img src="http://www.tomedia.co.uk/html/3d_artworks/tomedia/environments/2a.jpg" alt="Atomosphere, United States, South America, Temperature, Earth, Earth Ocean, Ocean, Planet, Earth Planet,, Ocean Surface, Global Land" width="340" height="240" align="right" /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">The planet&#8217;s ocean surface temperature was the warmest on record for July, breaking the previous high mark established in 1998 according to an analysis by NOAA&#8217;s National Climatic Data Center in Asheville, N.C.  The combined average global land and ocean surface temperature for July 2009 ranked fifth-warmest since world-wide records began in 1880.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">Interesting statistics from the NOAA analysis:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">The combined global land and ocean surface temperature for July 2009 was the fifth warmest on record, at 1.03 degrees F (0.57 degree C) above the 20th century average of 60.4 degrees F (15.8 degrees C).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">The global ocean surface temperature for July 2009 was the warmest on record, 1.06 degrees F (0.59 degree C) above the 20th century average of 61.5 degrees F (16.4 degrees C). This broke the previous July record set in 1998. The July ocean surface temperature departure of 1.06 degrees F from the long-term average equals last month&#8217;s value, which was also a record.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">The global land surface temperature for July 2009 was 0.92 degree F (0.51 degree C) above the 20th century average of 57.8 degrees F (14.3 degree C), and tied with 2003 as the ninth-warmest July on record.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">El Niño persisted across the equatorial Pacific Ocean during July 2009. Related sea-surface temperature (SST) anomalies increased for the sixth consecutive month.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">Large portions of many continents had substantially warmer-than-average temperatures during July 2009. The greatest departures from the long-term average were evident in Europe, northern Africa, and much of western North America. Broadly, across these regions, temperatures were about 4-7 degrees F (2-4 degrees C) above average.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">Cooler-than-average conditions prevailed across southern South America, central Canada, the eastern United States, and parts of western and eastern Asia. The most notably cool conditions occurred across the eastern U.S., central Canada, and southern South America where region-wide temperatures were nearly 4-7 degrees F (2-4 degrees C) below average.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">Arctic sea ice covered an average of 3.4 million square miles during July. This is 12.7 percent below the 1979-2000 average extent and the third lowest July sea ice extent on record, behind 2007 and 2006. Antarctic sea ice extent in July was 1.5 percent above the 1979-2000 average. July Arctic sea ice extent has decreased by 6.1 percent per decade since 1979, while July Antarctic sea ice extent has increased by 0.8 percent per decade over the same period.</p>
</li>
</ul>
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		<title>Crashing Comets Not Likely The Cause Of Earth&#8217;s Mass Extinctions</title>
		<link>http://lifeofearth.org/2009/08/crashing-comets-not-likely-the-cause-of-earths-mass-extinctions.html</link>
		<comments>http://lifeofearth.org/2009/08/crashing-comets-not-likely-the-cause-of-earths-mass-extinctions.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 04 Aug 2009 05:55:14 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Mac</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Astronomy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Comets]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Earth]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://lifeofearth.org/?p=2190</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Scientists have debated how many mass extinction events in Earth&#8217;s history were triggered by a... <a class="meta-more" href="http://lifeofearth.org/2009/08/crashing-comets-not-likely-the-cause-of-earths-mass-extinctions.html">more <span class="meta-nav">&#187;</span></a>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;"><em><strong>Scientists have debated how many mass extinction events in Earth&#8217;s history were triggered by a space body crashing into the planet&#8217;s surface. Most agree that an asteroid collision 65 million years ago brought an end to the age of dinosaurs, but there is uncertainty about how many other extinctions might have resulted from asteroid or comet collisions with Earth.</strong></em></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">In fact, astronomers know the inner solar system has been protected at least to some degree by Saturn and Jupiter, whose gravitational fields can eject comets into interstellar space or sometimes send them crashing into the giant planets. That point was reinforced July 20 when a huge scar appeared on Jupiter&#8217;s surface, likely evidence of a comet impact.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">New University of Washington research indicates it is highly unlikely that comets have caused any mass extinctions or have been responsible for more than one minor extinction event. The work also shows that many long-period comets that end up in Earth-crossing orbits likely originate from a region astronomers have long believed could not produce observable comets. A long-period comet takes from 200 years to tens of millions of years to make a single orbit of the sun.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">&#8220;It was thought the long-period comets we see just tell us about the outer Oort Cloud, but they really give us a murky picture of the entire Oort Cloud,&#8221; said Nathan Kaib, a University of Washington doctoral student in astronomy and lead author of a paper on the work being published July 30 in Science Express, the online edition of the journal Science.<br />
<img src="http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2009/07/090730141552.jpg" alt="Comets, Crashing Comets, Earth, Scientists, Earth Scientists, Earth Planet, Planet Surface, Earth Collision, Comet Collisions, Giant Planets, Jupiter Surface, Comet Impact, Earth Orbit, Astronomy Student" align="right" /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">The Oort Cloud is a remnant of the nebula from which the solar system formed 4.5 billion years ago. It begins about 93 billion miles from the sun (1,000 times Earth&#8217;s distance from the sun) and stretches to about three light years away (a light year is about 5.9 trillion miles). The Oort Cloud could contain billions of comets, most so small and distant as to never be observed.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">There are about 3,200 known long-period comets. Among the best-remembered is Hale-Bopp, which was easily visible to the naked eye for much of 1996 and 1997 and was one of the brightest comets of the 20th century. By comparison, Halley&#8217;s comet, which reappears about every 75 years, is perhaps the best-known comet, but it is a short-period comet, most of which are believed to originate in a different part of the solar system called the Kuiper Belt.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">It has been believed that nearly all long-period comets that move inside Jupiter to Earth-crossing trajectories originated in the outer Oort Cloud. Their orbits can change when they are nudged by the gravity of a neighboring star as it passes close to the solar system, and it was thought such encounters only affect very distant outer Oort Cloud bodies.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">It also was believed that inner Oort Cloud bodies could reach Earth-crossing orbits only during the rare close passage of a star, which would cause a comet shower. But it turns out that even without a star encounter, long-period comets from the inner Oort Cloud can slip past the protective barrier posed by the presence of Jupiter and Saturn and travel a path that crosses Earth&#8217;s orbit.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">In the new research, Kaib and co-author Thomas Quinn, a UW astronomy professor and Kaib&#8217;s doctoral adviser, used computer models to simulate the evolution of comet clouds in the solar system for 1.2 billion years. They found that even outside the periods of comet showers, the inner Oort Cloud was a major source of long-period comets that eventually cross Earth&#8217;s path.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">By assuming the inner Oort Cloud as the only source of long-period comets, they were able to estimate the highest possible number of comets in the inner Oort Cloud. The actual number is not known. But by using the maximum number possible, they determined that no more than two or three comets could have struck Earth during what is believed to be the most powerful comet shower of the last 500 million years.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">&#8220;For the past 25 years, the inner Oort Cloud has been considered a mysterious, unobserved region of the solar system capable of providing bursts of bodies that occasionally wipe out life on Earth,&#8221; Quinn said. &#8220;We have shown that comets already discovered can actually be used to estimate an upper limit on the number of bodies in this reservoir.&#8221;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">With three major impacts taking place nearly simultaneously, it had been proposed that the minor extinction event about 40 million years ago resulted from a comet shower. Kaib and Quinn&#8217;s research implies that if that relatively minor extinction event was caused by a comet shower, then that was probably the most-intense comet shower since the fossil record began.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">&#8220;That tells you that the most powerful comet showers caused minor extinctions and other showers should have been less severe, so comet showers are probably not likely causes of mass extinction events,&#8221; Kaib said.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">He noted that the work assumes the area surrounding the solar system has remained relatively unchanged for the last 500 million years, but it is unclear whether that is really the case. It is clear, though, that Earth has benefitted from having Jupiter and Saturn standing guard like giant catchers mitts, deflecting or absorbing comets that might otherwise strike Earth.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">&#8220;We show that Jupiter and Saturn are not perfect and some of the comets from the inner Oort Cloud are able to leak through. But most don&#8217;t,&#8221; Kaib said.</p>
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		<title>Explosive Growth Of Life On Earth Fueled By Early Greening Of Planet</title>
		<link>http://lifeofearth.org/2009/07/explosive-growth-of-life-on-earth-fueled-by-early-greening-of-planet.html</link>
		<comments>http://lifeofearth.org/2009/07/explosive-growth-of-life-on-earth-fueled-by-early-greening-of-planet.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 10 Jul 2009 05:28:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>bhuvan4700</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Earth]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://lifeofearth.org/?p=2133</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Earth&#8217;s 4.5-billion-year history is filled with several turning points when temperatures changed dramatically, asteroids bombarded... <a class="meta-more" href="http://lifeofearth.org/2009/07/explosive-growth-of-life-on-earth-fueled-by-early-greening-of-planet.html">more <span class="meta-nav">&#187;</span></a>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify; font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #000000;"><strong><em>Earth&#8217;s 4.5-billion-year history is filled with several turning points when temperatures changed dramatically, asteroids bombarded the planet and life forms came and disappeared. But one of the biggest moments in Earth&#8217;s lifetime is the Cambrian explosion of life, roughly 540 million years ago, when complex, multi-cellular life burst out all over the planet.</em></strong></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">While scientists can pinpoint this pivotal period as leading to life as we know it today, it is not completely understood what caused the Cambrian explosion of life. Now, researchers led by <a href="http://www.asu.edu">Arizona State University</a> geologist L. Paul Knauth believe they have found the trigger for the Cambrian explosion.</p>
<p><img src="http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2009/07/090708153235.jpg" alt="Earth, Mountain, Green, Planet" width="300" height="199" align="right" /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">It was a massive greening of the planet by non-vascular plants, or primitive ground huggers, as Knauth calls them. This period, roughly 700 million years ago virtually set the table for the later explosion of life through the development of early soil that sequestered carbon, led to the build up of oxygen and allowed higher life forms to evolve.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">Knauth and co-author Martin Kennedy, of the <a href="http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu">University of California</a>, Riverside, report their findings in the journal Nature. Their paper presents an alternative view of published data on thousands of analyses of carbon isotopes found in limestone that formed in the Neoproterozoic period, the time interval just prior to the Cambrian explosion.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">&#8220;An explosive and previously unrecognized greening of the Earth occurred toward the end of the Precambrian and was an important trigger for the Cambrian explosion of life,&#8221; said Knauth, a professor in Arizona State&#8217;s School of Earth and Space Exploration.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">&#8220;During this period, Earth became extensively occupied by photosynthesizing organisms,&#8221; he added. &#8220;The greening was a key element in transforming the Precambrian world – which featured low oxygen levels and simple, bacteria dominant life forms – into the kind of <a href="/topics/world">world</a> we have today with abundant oxygen and higher forms of plant and animal life.&#8221;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">Knauth calls the work &#8220;isotope geology of carbonates 101.&#8221;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">In order to understand what happened on Earth such a long time ago, researchers have studied the isotopic composition of limestone that formed during that period. Researchers have long studied these rocks, but Knauth said many focused only on the carbon isotopes of Neoproterozoic limestones.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">Knauth and Kennedy&#8217;s study looked at a bigger picture.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">&#8220;There are three atoms of oxygen for every atom of carbon in limestone,&#8221; Knauth says. &#8220;We looked at the oxygen isotopes as well, which allowed us to see that the peculiar carbon isotope signature previously interpreted in terms of catastrophes was always associated with intrusions of coastal ground waters during the burial transformation of initial limestone muds into rock. It&#8217;s the same as we see in limestones forming today.&#8221;</p>
<h3><span style="color: #000000;">Brave new world</span></h3>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">By gathering all of these published measurements and carefully plotting carbon isotopic data against oxygen isotopic data, a process Knauth said took three years, the researchers began to formulate a very different type of scenario for what led to complex life on Earth. Rather than a world subject to periods of life-altering catastrophes, they began to see a world that first greened up with primitive plants.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">&#8220;The greening of Earth made soils which sequestered carbon and allowed oxygen to rise and get dissolved into sea water,&#8221; Knauth explained. &#8220;Early animals would have loved breathing it as they expanded throughout the ocean of this new world.&#8221;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">A key element to this scenario is not so much what the researchers saw in the data, but what was missing. When they plotted the data for various areas from which it was derived they kept noticing an area on the plots that contained little or no data. They dubbed it the &#8220;forbidden zone.&#8221;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">&#8220;If previous interpretations of carbon isotope data were correct, there would be no forbidden zone on these cross plots,&#8221; Knauth said. &#8220;The forbidden zone would be full of Neoproterozoic data.&#8221;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">&#8220;These zones show that the isotopic fingerprints in limestone we see today started in the late Precambrian and must have involved the simultaneous influx of rain water that fell on vegetated areas, infiltrated into coastal ground waters and mixed with marine pore fluids. During sea level drops, these coastal mixing zones are dragged over vast geographic regions of the flooded continents of the Neoproterozoic,&#8221; Knauth said. &#8220;Vast areas of limestone can form in these mixed pore fluids.&#8221;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">All of which points to an environmental trigger of the Cambrian explosion of life.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">&#8220;Our work presents a simple, alternative view of the thousands of carbon isotope measurements that had been taken as evidence of geochemical catastrophes in the ocean,&#8221; Knauth explained. &#8220;It requires that there was an explosive greening of Earth&#8217;s land surfaces with pioneer vegetation several hundred million years prior to the evolution of vascular plants, but it explains how a massive increase in Earth&#8217;s oxygen could happen, which has been long postulated as necessary for animals to evolve big time.&#8221;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">&#8220;The isotopes are screaming that this happened in the Neoproterozoic,&#8221; he added.</p>
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		<title>&#8216;Hotspots&#8217; Of Human Impact On Coastal Areas Ranked</title>
		<link>http://lifeofearth.org/2009/07/hotspots-of-human-impact-on-coastal-areas-ranked.html</link>
		<comments>http://lifeofearth.org/2009/07/hotspots-of-human-impact-on-coastal-areas-ranked.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 10 Jul 2009 05:17:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>bhuvan4700</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Earth]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Coastal marine ecosystems are at risk worldwide as a result of human activities, according to... <a class="meta-more" href="http://lifeofearth.org/2009/07/hotspots-of-human-impact-on-coastal-areas-ranked.html">more <span class="meta-nav">&#187;</span></a>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;"><em><strong>Coastal marine ecosystems are at risk worldwide as a result of human activities, according to scientists at UC Santa Barbara who have recently published a study in the Journal of Conservation Letters. The authors have performed the first integrated analysis of all coastal areas of the <a href="/topics/world">world</a>.</strong></em></p>
<p><img src="http://www.ucen.ucsb.edu/conf_services/cs_images/cs_4x4home.jpg" alt="UC Santa Barbara, University, Santa Barbara, World, America" width="288" height="288" align="left" /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">&#8220;Resource management and conservation in coastal waters must address a litany of impacts from human activities, from the land, such as urban runoff and other <a href="/pollution">types of pollution</a>, and from the sea,&#8221; said Benjamin S. Halpern, first author, who is based at the <a href="http://www.nceas.ucsb.edu">National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis</a> (NCEAS) at UCSB.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">&#8220;One of the great challenges is to decide where and how much to allocate limited resources to tackling these problems,&#8221; he said. &#8220;Our results identify where it is absolutely imperative that land-based threats are addressed –– so-called hotspots of land-based impact –– and where these land-based sources of impact are minimal or can be ignored.&#8221;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">The hottest hotspot is at the mouth of the Mississippi River, explained Halpern, with the other top 10 in Asia and the Mediterranean. &#8220;These are areas where conservation efforts will almost certainly fail if they don&#8217;t directly address what people are doing on land upstream from these locations.&#8221;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">Nutrient runoff from upstream farms has caused a persistent &#8220;dead zone&#8221; in the Gulf of Mexico, where the Mississippi runs into this body of water. The dead zone is caused by an overgrowth of algae that feeds on the nutrients and takes up most of the oxygen in the water.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">The authors state that they have provided the first integrated analysis for all coastal areas of the world. They surveyed four key land-based drivers of ecological change:</p>
<ul>
<li> <span style="color: #000000;"><strong>nutrient input from agriculture in urban settings</strong></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000;"><strong>organic pollutants derived from pesticides</strong></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000;"><strong>inorganic pollutants from urban runoff</strong></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000;"><strong>direct impact of human populations on coastal marine habitats.</strong></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">Halpern explained that a large portion of the world&#8217;s coastlines experience very little effect of what happens on land –– nearly half of the coastline and more than 90 percent of all coastal waters. &#8220;This is because a vast majority of the planet&#8217;s landscape drains into relatively few very large rivers, that in turn affect a small amount of coastal area,&#8221; said Halpern. &#8220;In these places with little impact from human activities on land, marine conservation can and needs to focus primarily on what is happening in the ocean. For example: fishing, <a href="/climate-change">climate change</a>, invasive species, and commercial shipping.&#8221;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">Coauthors from NCEAS are Colin M. Ebert, Carrie V. Kappel, Matthew Perry, Kimberly A. Selkoe, and Shaun Walbridge. Fiorenza Micheli of <a href="http://www.stanford.edu">Stanford University&#8217;s</a> Hopkins Marine Station and Elizabeth M. P. Madin of UCSB&#8217;s Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology are also co-authors. Selkoe is also affiliated with the <a href="http://www.hawaii.edu">University of Hawaii&#8217;s</a> Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology.</p>
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		<title>Green Earth &#8211; No Longer a Dream</title>
		<link>http://lifeofearth.org/2009/06/green-earth-no-longer-a-dream.html</link>
		<comments>http://lifeofearth.org/2009/06/green-earth-no-longer-a-dream.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 19 Jun 2009 05:41:35 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>bhuvan4700</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Earth]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Green-Earth]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[&#8220;Kiss of the sun for pardon. Song of the birds for mirth. You&#8217;re closer to... <a class="meta-more" href="http://lifeofearth.org/2009/06/green-earth-no-longer-a-dream.html">more <span class="meta-nav">&#187;</span></a>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">&#8220;Kiss of the sun for pardon. Song of the birds for mirth. You&#8217;re closer to God&#8217;s heart in a garden than any place else on earth.&#8221; &#8212; Dorothy Frances Gurney</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">A beautiful garden enlightens both our eyes and our soul, its a direct way to get connected with mother nature. Who doesn&#8217;t love to see a tree in full bloom, enjoy the touch of soft grass under our feet and inhale the sweet smell of all the flowers around?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">By increasing population day by day and the increase in technology products, our mother planet is in trouble . But she can be saved if we accept to embrace the healthier green life in our daily culture. If we start to <a href="/pollution">reduce pollution</a>, plant more trees, reduce the use of plastic and <a href="/recycling">recycling the waste</a>, we can make the world a better place to live. With a very small effort in our part we can lend a hand to make <a href="/topics/earth">green earth</a>.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">A few simple measures which we can take in making green earth are print less and save more trees, lets say no to plastic bags and use recycled paper bags, considering electric and hybrid cars rather that choosing petrol cars, start creating our own fertilizers than using chemical pesticides which in turn destroys soil.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">From 1970, Every year on April 22, people around the world celebrate Earth Day which promote <a href="/environment">healthy environment</a> and to keep earth green. But how many of we really put effort to celebrate and understand the importance of this day? if we think about the advantages of the green earth will we not enjoy celebrating this day? Greening the environment will mean more plants and trees to give shade and provide fresh sources of oxygen. We can walk with leisure, ride our bikes, and have less demand for carbon dioxide emitting vehicles that contribute the most harm to our <a href="/ozone-layer">ozone layers</a>. The best part of all is we can save more money because &#8220;green&#8221; products cost less.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">It&#8217;s better if we take the positive approach. Love our Mother Earth. It&#8217;s our home and loving it will bring more results. If we do our part out of love, then we will feel great about ourselves. With a positive outlook and actions, no doubt we will soon get a green Earth.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">Please join the green revolution and decide to buy only products made from reusable resources. If we all just do our part and respect the earth we will be saving it.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;color:#000000;font-family:verdana;">Green is no longer an option. It&#8217;s the only way forward&#8230;Save the Earth.</p>
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